The habitats of Europe

Every species in this guide is linked to the habitats where it most occurs in Europe, following the EUNIS classification of the European Environment Agency. It has ten main groups, from open sea to built-up land, and beneath them a few dozen broader formations. Each bird carries at most seven of those: not everywhere it has ever turned up, but where it truly belongs.

Marine habitats A

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  Littoral rock and other hard substrata A1 Hilbre Island, Dee-estuarium, Engeland 5 species
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  Littoral sediment A2 Waddenzee bij Föhr, Duitsland 96 species
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  Infralittoral rock and other hard substrata A3 Kelpwoud bij Molène, Iroise-zee, Bretagne 6 species
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  Sublittoral sediment A5 Zandbank bij Wangerooge, Duitse Waddenzee 34 species
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  Pelagic water column A7 Golf van Biskaje, Atlantische Oceaan 33 species
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  Ice-associated marine habitats A8 Drijfijs op zee bij Spitsbergen, Svalbard 4 species

Coastal habitats B

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  Coastal dunes and sandy shores B1 Tràigh Baile Aonghais, Isle of Harris, Schotland 52 species
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  Coastal shingle B2 Aber Mawr, Pembrokeshire, Wales 7 species
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  Rock cliffs, ledges and shores B3 Handa Island, Sutherland, Schotland 27 species

Inland surface waters C

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  Surface standing waters C1 Torisevan rotkojärvi, Virrat, Finland 114 species
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  Surface running waters C2 Clemgia bij S-charl, Engadin, Zwitserland 26 species
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  Littoral zone of inland surface waterbodies C3 Oezero Dobre, Wolynië, Oekraïne 102 species

Mires, bogs and fens D

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  Raised and blanket bogs D1 Viru raba, Nationaal Park Lahemaa, Estland 18 species
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  Valley mires, poor fens and transition mires D2 Holmtjärnen, natuurreservaat Stockholmsgata, Ångermanland, Zweden 6 species
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  Aapa, palsa and polygon mires D3 Joutsenenpesäaapa bij Sodankylä, Fins Lapland 4 species
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  Sedge and reedbeds without free-standing water D5 Federsee, Bad Buchau, Baden-Württemberg, Duitsland 46 species
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  Inland saline and brackish marshes and reedbeds D6 Nationalpark Neusiedler See-Seewinkel, Burgenland, Oostenrijk 18 species

Grasslands E

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  Dry grasslands E1 Dreisbach bij Ehringshausen, Lahn-Dill-Kreis, Hessen, Duitsland 42 species
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  Mesic grasslands E2 Spitzberg bij Limbach, Odenwald, Duitsland 75 species
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  Seasonally wet and wet grasslands E3 Attenborough Nature Reserve, Nottinghamshire, Engeland 57 species
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  Alpine and subalpine grasslands E4 Lac Noir, Sainte-Foy-Tarentaise, Savoie, Frankrijk 12 species
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  Woodland fringes, clearings and tall forb stands E5 Emmeringer Leite bij Emmering, Opper-Beieren, Duitsland 10 species
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  Inland salt steppes E6 Zoutkorst in de Seewinkel, Nationaal Park Neusiedler See, Burgenland, Oostenrijk 8 species
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  Sparsely wooded grasslands E7 Dehesa in Extremadura, Spanje 17 species

Heathland, scrub and tundra F

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  Tundra F1 Hardangervidda, Noorwegen 40 species
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  Arctic, alpine and subalpine scrub F2 Malá Fatra, Slowakije 9 species
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  Temperate and mediterranean-montane scrub F3 Eselsburger Tal bij Herbrechtingen, Schwäbische Alb, Duitsland 22 species
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  Temperate shrub heathland F4 Lüneburger Heide, Nedersaksen, Duitsland 25 species
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  Maquis, arborescent matorral and thermo-Mediterranean brush F5 Noordwest-Corsica, Frankrijk 6 species
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  Garrigue F6 Pinet, Hérault, Frankrijk 3 species
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  Spiny Mediterranean heaths F7 Bij Elafonisi, zuidwesten van Kreta, Griekenland 1 species
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  Thermo-Atlantic xerophytic scrub F8 Tussen Tasarte en El Hoyo, Gran Canaria, Canarische Eilanden 1 species
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  Riverine and fen scrub F9 Kerspetal, Bergisches Land, Duitsland 19 species
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  Hedgerows FA Le Bény-Bocage, Normandië, Frankrijk 31 species
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  Shrub plantations FB Bořetice, Zuid-Moravië, Tsjechië 2 species

Woodland and forest G

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  Broadleaved deciduous woodland G1 Berg Pangaion, Macedonië, Griekenland 49 species
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  Broadleaved evergreen woodland G2 Fanal, Madeira, Portugal 3 species
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  Coniferous woodland G3 Satakunta, Finland 24 species
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  Mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland G4 Massief van de Śnieżnik, Sudeten, Polen 26 species
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  Lines of trees, small woods, felled and early-stage woodland G5 Bij Kilby, Leicestershire, Engeland 40 species

Inland unvegetated or sparsely vegetated habitats H

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  Screes H2 Serra de Rius, Catalaanse Pyreneeën, Spanje 8 species
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  Inland cliffs, rock pavements and outcrops H3 Vega de Liordes, Picos de Europa, Spanje 15 species
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  Snow or ice-dominated habitats H4 Gletsjertong van de Vatnajökull, IJsland 2 species
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  Miscellaneous inland habitats with sparse or no vegetation H5 Castildetierra, Bardenas Reales, Navarra, Spanje 16 species
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  Recent volcanic features H6 Lavaveld en sintelkegels in Timanfaya, Lanzarote, Canarische Eilanden 1 species

Cultivated agricultural, horticultural and domestic habitats I

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  Arable land and market gardens I1 Bij Trendelburg, Hessen, Duitsland 117 species
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  Cultivated areas of gardens and parks I2 Oosterpark, Amsterdam, Nederland 43 species

Constructed, industrial and other artificial habitats J

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  Buildings of cities, towns and villages J1 Kulmbach, Beieren, Duitsland 23 species
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  Low density buildings J2 Holmstadengen, Østre Toten, Noorwegen 16 species
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  Extractive industrial sites J3 Duinger Berg bij Marienhagen, Nedersaksen, Duitsland 5 species
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  Transport networks and other hard-surfaced areas J4 Autobahnkreuz Leverkusen-West, Duitsland 8 species
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  Highly artificial man-made waters J5 Embalse de Guadalcacín, Cádiz, Spanje 90 species
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  Waste deposits J6 Vuilstort bij Thessaloniki, Griekenland 11 species

Classification: EUNIS Habitat Classification (European Environment Agency), the A–J version. The English names are those of EUNIS; the Dutch and Spanish names were translated for this guide.